Green Buildings BC

Landscape

5.0 Ecological Performance Resources: Landscape

Photograph courtesy of Durante Kreuk Ltd.

The biofiltration pond at Burnaby Mountain School contains grasses, reeds and shrubs that clean the water before it filters into Stoney Creek. Permeable surfaces at Burnaby Mountain were maximized, reducing peak flows and allowing groundwater absorption. This was part of the rehabilitation of Stoney Creek that should improve the chances of fish returning to the Creek.

Development, sustainable or otherwise, involves change in the landscape guided by human will-usually for agriculture, or urbanization, or recreation. Nature also develops the landscape, albeit more slowly; evolution and succession are developmental processes. When we reshape a landscape, we radically alter a system of forms and relationships that are the current manifestation of some 4.6 billion years of evolution.

--John Tillman Lyle, Regenerative Design For Sustainable Development, 1994

New York City has 2.6 million streets, and 700-800 community gardens, from pocket parks to small farms such as one in the South Bronx that produces 8,000 pounds of vegetables a year.

--W. Nixon, "The Greening of the Big Apple: If It Can Happen Here, It Can Happen Anywhere," E-The Environmental Magazine, 1991
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5.1 Integrated Pest Management (L1)

The first rule of pest control within a regenerative agricultural system is to learn to live with acceptable levels of pest populations and manage them.

--John Tillman Lyle, Regenerative Design For Sustainable Development, 1994
Program Integrated Pest Management Division
Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks
Contact / Resource Contact Linda Gilkeson, IPM Coordinator:
phone: (250) 387-9410, fax: (250) 387-9935
http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/epd/epdpa/ipmp/pestmgmt.html
Description IPM Fact Sheets and Booklets for professionals and the public
Publication The IPM Practitioner & Common Sense Pest Control
Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks
Contact / Resource Bio Integral Resource Center
PO Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707 (415) 524-2567
Description This is a practical guide to pest control.
Book Landscape Planning: Environmental Applications
Marsh, W. M., (1991)
Contact / Resource John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
Description A definitive reference for landscape architects, planners and designers on the definition and application of environmental design principles to landscape and site planning.
Book Natural Pest Control: Alternatives to Chemicals for the Home and Garden
Lopez, Andrew (1996)
Contact / Resource Chelsea Green, Sebastopol, CA
Description A guide to non-toxic pest control in buildings and gardens.
Book Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land-Use Planning
Dramstad, W. E., Olson, J.D., and Forman, R.T., (1996)
Contact / Resource Harvard University Graduate School of Design, Cambridge.
Description
  • Presents and explains the principles of landscape ecology.
  • Provides numerous examples of how those principles can be applied in specific situations.
Web Resource Sustainable Site Design
US National Parks Service and the Denver Service Center
Contact / Resource http://www.nps.gov/dsc/dsgncnstr/gpsd/ch5.html
Description This site gives an excellent overview of the principles of sustainable site design, including:
  • Recognition of Context
  • Treatment of Landscapes as Interdependent and Interconnected
  • Integration of the Native Landscape with Development
  • Promotion of Biodiversity
  • Reuse of Already Disturbed Areas
  • Making a Habit of Restoration
It also gives general and site-specific site design considerations.
Book The Naturally Elegant Home: Environmental Style
Marinelli, J., (1992)
Contact / Resource Little Brown, Boston.
Description Provides useful examples of environmentally-sensitive residential building and garden design.
Web Resource Pesticide Action Network North America (PANNA)
Contact / Resource http://www.panna.org/panna/
Description This organization works to reduce the use of hazardous pesticides and offers resources including:
  • Practical Advisories and Guides
  • Newsletters
Web Resource Pesticide Action Network Resource Page
Contact / Resource http://members.aol.com/homeview2/info/
Description This excellent resource contains:
  • Recommended reference books and periodicals
  • Alternative pesticide products
  • Links to Organizations
Web Resource The Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides (NCAP)
Contact / Resource http://www.pesticide.org/default.htm
Description
  • Programs
  • Journal of Pesticide Reform
  • Information Services
  • Membership
  • Links to Other Related Sites
Web Resource Rachel Carson Council
NCAP
Contact / Resource http://members.aol.com/rccouncil/ourpage/index.htm
Description Background information regarding ill effects of pesticides.
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5.2 Green Space (L2)

By layering functions such as recreation, habitat connectivity, and stormwater management, community open spaces can achieve a number of sustainability objectives.

--UBC James Taylor Chair in Landscape and Livable Design, 2000
Web Resource Natural Lawn and Garden Care / Information for Landscape Professionals
Seattle Public Utilities
Contact / Resource http://www.seattle.gov/util/Services/Yard/Natural_Lawn_&_Garden_Care/index.asp
http://www.seattle.gov/util/Services/Yard/For_Landscape_Professionals/index.asp
Description These guidelines are intended to cover environmental issues of landscape and grounds management, including:
  • Design Stage
  • Drainage
  • Plant Selection
  • Plant Health
  • Mulch
  • Lawn Maintenance
  • Automatic Irrigation Systems
  • Integrated Pest Management
  • Record Keeping
  • Training
Web Resource Green Roofs for Healthy Cities Web Site
Contact / Resource http://www.greenroofs.net/index.php
Description This site has information on the following green roof benefits:
  • Economic
  • Air Quality
  • Temperature Regulation
  • Water
  • Sound Insulation
  • Building Envelope Protection
  • Preservation of Habitat & Biodiversity
  • Social
  • Local Food Production
It also has information on the Green Roof Infrastructure Demonstration Project, a public-private partnership between the member companies of Green Roofs for Healthy Cities and the City of Toronto, the Toronto Atmospheric Fund, the National Research Council's Institute for Research in Construction and Environment Canada.
Web Resource "Nature Rules the Roof"
Green Buildings Information Council
Contact / Resource http://greenbuilding.ca/GBIC.htm
Description Research shows that green roofs can improve air quality. They can also help control storm runoff and reduce heat islands. This site gives info on:
  • Flat Roofs
  • Sloped Roofs
  • Surfaces and Accessibility
  • Weather-Defying Resilience
  • Roofs in Bloom
Web Resource "Learning About Urban Heat Islands"
U.S. DOE and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Contact / Resource http://eetd.lbl.gov/ea/heatisland/learn/
Description The Heat Island Group supports the development of cooler roofing and pavement materials as well as urban planting programs. The Heat Island Group also develops guideline standards to mitigate the heat island effect through regional and local building design codes. This site has information on the following:
  • Cool Roofing Material Database
  • Demonstration of Energy Savings of Cool Roofs
  • Benefits of Cooler Pavements
and answers the following questions:
  • What Is an Urban Heat Island?
  • What Are Problems with the "Heat Island Effect?"
  • What Causes an Urban Heat Island?
  • How Can We Reduce the Heat Island Effect?
  • What Would Be the Benefits of These Mitigation Measures?
  • What's an Example of a Heat Island?
Web Resource Urban Heat Island Mitigation
City of Chicago
Contact / Resource http://egov.cityofchicago.org/
Description General information on the City of Chicago's Heat Island Initiative
Book Microclimate Landscape Design: Creating Thermal Comfort and Energy Efficiency
Brown, R.D. and Terry J. Gillespie (1995)
Contact / Resource John Wiley amp; Sons, Inc. New York.
Description
  • Presents the basic principles of microclimatology - how objects in the landscape affect climate to create microclimates.
  • Describes how to use landscape design to modify microclimate including radiation, wind, temperature, humidity and precipitation.
Book Energy-Efficient and Environmental Landscaping
Moffat, A.S., & Schiler, M. (1993)
Contact / Resource Appropriate Solutions Press, South Newfane, VT.
Description Good discussion on specific landscape design approaches for enhancing the energy-efficiency of buildings.
Book Cities and Natural Process
Hough, M.,(1995)
Contact / Resource Routledge, London.
Description A good backgrounder on the processes that define the growth and operation of cities, and how, in understanding natural ecological process, urban areas can develop more balanced relationships with natural ecosystems.
Web Resource Environmentally Responsible Bibliography
Cornelia Hahn Oberlander Landscape Architect
Contact / Resource EcoDesign Resource Society
http://www.vcn.bc.ca/edrs/EVT_detail02.html
Description
  • This bibliography is available on the EcoDesign Resource Society's website.
  • The biography is an excellent resource for sustainable landscape architecture.
  • The EcoDesign Resource Society website has many resources, including information about building products, links and news.
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5.3 Native Plantings and Wildlife Habitat (L3)

Throughout North America the principles of voluntary private land stewardship are creating a quiet revolution in urban and rural areas. This revolution is filled with the calls of songbirds, the peeping of frogs, and glorious arrays of wildflowers.

--Naturescape British Columbia, 1999
Program BC Conservation Data Centre
Wildlife Inventory Section, Resources Inventory Branch, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks
Contact / Resource http://srmwww.gov.bc.ca/cdc/
Ph: (250) 356-0928, Fax: (250) 387-2733
P.O. Box 9344 Station
Victoria, BC V8W 9M1
Description
  • This data centre not only provides provincial and forest district Tracking Lists of rare and endangered (red and blue listed) species and plant communities, they also will prepare free custom reports on the rarity, conservation status, and locations of rare and endangered animals, plants, plant communities and record trees.
  • They need a map showing the location of the proposed site and they will get back to you concerning locations of rare or endangered species that may exist.
Program Sensitive Ecosystems Inventories in British Columbia
Contact / Resource http://srmwww.gov.bc.ca/sei/index.html
Description
  • The Sensitive Ecosystems Inventory (SEI) identifies remnants of rare and fragile terrestrial ecosystems and encourage land-use decisions that will ensure the continued integrity of these ecosystems.
  • It is intended for use in a variety of land-use planning processes. A Conservation Manual provides guidance on the protection of sensitive ecosystems.
  • Only the East Vancouver Island and Gulf Islands SEI has been completed, it can be consulted to figure out the location of sensitive ecosystems.
Web Resource Provincial Land Reserve Commission
Contact / Resource http://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/
Description
  • This site has information about the Agricultural Land Reserve and the Forest Land Reserve.
  • In its own words: "The ALR preserves BC's limited amount of farmland. Since 1973, the Commission has succeeded in reducing the loss of prime agricultural land from a high of 6,000 hectares per year in the early 1970's to less than 500 hectares per year today."
  • "Province wide, there are currently 920,000 hectares of private managed forest lands and 15 million hectares of public land designated as Forest Land Reserve. The majority of private lands are located on Vancouver Island (70%) and in the Kootenays (25%)."
Program Naturescape British Columbia
Contact / Resource http://www.hctf.ca/nature.htm
1-800-387-9853
Description Guides to "Caring For Wildlife Habitat": (Provincial Guide, Native Plant and Animal Booklets, Resource Booklets)
Web Resources The Evergreen Foundation
Contact / Resource http://www.evergreen.ca/
Description Resources on:
  • Ecology / naturalization
  • Naturalizing school grounds
  • Naturalizing public spaces
Web Resources Native Plant Societies
Contact / Resource NPSBC Native Plant Society of British Columbia
2012 William Street
Vancouver BC V5L 2X6
T: 604.255.5719  F: 604.258.0201
http://www.npsbc.org
information@npsbc.org

Victoria Horticultural Society
Native Plant Study Group
P.O.Box 5081, Postal Stn. B
Victoria, BC, Canada V8R 6N3

North American Native Plant Society (NANPS)
PO Box 84, Station D
Etobicoke, ON M9A 4X1
416-631-4438
http://www.nanps.org/index.shtml
Description When the design team is doing landscape design, they can consult native plant societies to learn more about native plants.
Web Resource Green Landscaping with Native Plants
US Environmental Protection Agency
Contact / Resource http://www.epa.gov/greenacres/
Description Practical information on:
  • How to get started
  • Case studies
  • News
  • Resources
Book Landscape Planning: Environmental Applications
Marsh, W. M., (1991)
Contact / Resource John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
Description A definitive reference for landscape architects, planners and designers on the definition and application of environmental design principles to landscape and site planning.
Book Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land-Use Planning
Dramstad, W. E., Olson, J.D., and Forman, R.T., (1996)
Contact / Resource Harvard University Graduate School of Design, Cambridge.
Description
  • Presents and explains the principles of landscape ecology.
  • Provides numerous examples of how those principles can be applied in specific situations.
Book The Naturally Elegant Home: Environmental Style
Marinelli, J., (1992)
Contact / Resource Little Brown, Boston.
Description Provides useful examples of environmentally-sensitive residential building and garden design.
Book Songbirds in Your Garden
Terres, J. K. (1994)
Contact / Resource Algonquin Books, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Description
  • Many birds, besides their obvious delights, are excellent predators of garden pests and insects.
  • Discusses ways to encourage birds in gardens, including feeders, nesting boxes, baths, etc.
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5.4 Landscape Case Studies

If today is a typical day on planet Earth we will lose... 40-100 species, and no one knows whether the number is 40, or 100.

--David Orr, "What is Education For?" 1991

5.4.1 Green Space Case Studies

In Chicago, where Mayor Richard M. Daley has a reputation for finding simple ways to improve the city's livability, the roof of City Hall will soon be planted with grass, ivy, and two oak trees. Traditional black roofs absorb sunlight and radiate heat to surrounding air thereby accelerating the creation of ozone, a component of smog. But roof gardens like the one that will top City Hall can help reduce air pollution.

--Jon Morgan, The Baltimore Sun, 1999
Green Buildings BC Case Study Burnaby Mountain Secondary School
Contact / Resource http://www.greenbuildingsbc.com/Home/NewBuildings/WhatisaGreenBuilding/BCCaseStudies.aspx
Description
  • The site's forest area and the Stoney Creek fish habitat were enhanced.
  • Site water is treated naturally.
Green Buildings BC Case Study The Liu Centre
Contact / Resource http://www.greenbuildingsbc.com/Home/NewBuildings/WhatisaGreenBuilding/BCCaseStudies.aspx
Description UBC's second green building incorporates a holistic environmental approach, and saves money on energy reductions
Green Buildings BC Case Study Beausoleil Solar Aquatics
Contact / Resource http://www.greenbuildingsbc.com/Home/NewBuildings/WhatisaGreenBuilding/BCCaseStudies.aspx
Description Remote BC community finds aesthetic solution to its septic problems
Green Buildings BC Case Study Lewis Center for Environmental Studies
Contact / Resource http://www.greenbuildingsbc.com/Home/NewBuildings/WhatisaGreenBuilding/BCCaseStudies.aspx
Description Learning about geothermal, biological waste treatment, PV and more
Web Resource Greenroofs.com
Contact / Resource http://www.greenroofs.com
Description This is a non-profit group that supplies a wide variety of information on green roofs, including:
  • North American and World Case Studies (with descriptions, pictures, and illustrated roof details)
  • Benefits (Ecological, Economic, Aesthetic, Psychological)
  • History
  • Greenroof Components
  • Plant Lists
  • International Market
  • North American Market
  • Greenroof Industry Support
  • Potential Issues
  • Market Applications
Web Resource Austin Green Building Program Case Studies
Contact / Resource http://www.ci.austin.tx.us/greenbuilder/coolprojects.htm
Description The following case studies show some innovative approaches to green space:
  • Gables Central Park Apartments: Austin's First Green Building Apartment Community
  • Casa Verde Builders: Energy- and Resource-Efficient, Affordable Homes
  • METROPOLIS Apartments: Austin's First Green Building Apartment Renovation
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5.4.2 Native Plantings And Wildlife Habitat Case Studies

...much of the diversity is being irreversibly lost through extinction caused by the destruction of natural habitats....

--E.O. Wilson
Web Resource Research Triangle Park Case Study
US Environmental Protection Agency
Contact / Resource http://www.epa.gov/rtp/new-bldg/
Description This case study reveals a building that has extensive environmental features, including:
  • Storm water run-off will be naturally treated, by plant material on-site, to remove contaminants.
  • Natural woodlands and wildflower plantings used to minimize water, fertilizer, and pesticides.
  • Created ten times as much new wetland as will be disturbed by construction.
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